Neem- A Storehouse of Bio-active   Phytochemicals

A Review

 

The chemistry of Neem dates back to 1880-1890, when, influenced by its folklore medicinal values, the chemists took up the systematic work in

The chemistry of Neem dates back to 1880-1890, when, influenced by its folklore medicinal values, the chemists took up the systematic work in regard to the isolation of active principles from the seeds and other parts (Govindachari, 1992; 2002). Several attempts were made to study the chemistry of Neem.  

 

The scientific research on Neem was initiated in the early nineties.  Research on the chemical composition of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) was started by Indian pharmaceutical chemists in 1919. They isolated the acidic principle ‘Margosic acid”fromNeem oil. It was Siddiqui (1942) who first isolated a major principle nimbin in a crystalline form.

regard to the isolation of active principles from the seeds and other parts (Govindachari, 1992; 2002). Several attempts were made to study the chemistry of Neem.  

 

The scientific research on Neem was initiated in the early part of 19^th century.  Research on the chemical composition of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) was started by Indian pharmaceutical chemists in 1919. They isolated the acidic principle ‘Margosic acid”fromNeem oil. It was Siddiqui (1942) who first isolated a major principle nimbin in a crystalline form.

 

 

Salimuzzaman Siddiqui

 

In 1942, Siddiqui S isolated three active principles/ phytochemicals Nimbin, Nimbidin and Nimbinene. In 1963, Mitra extensively studied the chemistry of the active principles/ phytochemicals of Neem. Besides protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids and essential oils flavonoids, glycosides, minerals and a number of chemically diverse and structurally complex tetranortriterpenoids (limonoids) have been isolated and characterised from different parts of Neem.Although Neem is a source of several bioactive phytochemicals, only Azadirachtin has been commercially exploited.

 

Today scientific studies resulted in isolation and characterization of 400 + phytochemicals primary and secondary metabolites from Neem tree. These phytochemicals are further classified under eighteen classes depending on their functional groups. 

 

The main primary metabolites are carbohydrates, proteins and fat derivatives, while secondary metabolites include flavonoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids. Neem’s active phytochemicals are classified into two main groups, namely Isoprenoids and Non-isoprenoids. The Isoprenoids include Diterpenoids and Triterpenoids, namely Protomeliasin, Limonoid, Gedunin, Azadirone, and Azadiractin derivatives. The Non-isoprenoids are Carbohydrates, Proteins, Sulphur, Dihydrochalcone, Polyphenols (flavonoids, coumarin, tannins, aliphatic compounds and Phenolic acids), Polysaccharides and Glycoside.

 

Leaves

The principal phytochemicals/primary metabolites of Neem leaves are Carbohydrates, Protein,Minerals, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin C, Carotene, Amino acids like Glutamic acid, Tyrosine, Aspartic acid, Alanine, Proline, Glutamine and Cystine, Fatty acids like dodecanoic acid , Tetradecanoic acid and Eicosanic acid.

The active phytochemicals/secondary metabolites found in Neem leaves areNimbin, Sodium Nimbidate, Nimbanene, 6-Desacetylnimbinene, Nimbandiol, Nimbolide, Ascorbic acid, n-Hexacosanol and Amino acid, 7-Desacetyl-7-benzoylazadiradione, 7-Desacetyl-7-benzoylgedunin, 17-Hydroxyazadira-dione and Nimbiol.

Neem leaves also contain isoprenoids flavanones e (8, 3-diisoprenoid-5, 7-dihydroxy-‘4'-metoxyflavanone), non-isoprenoids, meliacin (2', 3-dehydrosalannol), Azadiradione, tetraterpenoids (14.15-epoxynimonol), and flavonoids.

Aqueous extracts of Neem leaves powder contain Azadirachtin A, B, D, H, I, Desacetyl Nimbin, Azadiradione, Nimbin, Salannin, Azadirone, Nimbolin, Nimbinene and Nimbolide.

 The Neem leaf dichloromethane and methanolic extracts contain stigmasterol, terpinene-4-ol, Sugiol, 4-cymene, nimbiol, α-terpinene, and vitamin E. The methanol extract of Neem leaves contains triterpenoids, 22, 23- dihydronimocinol, and desfurano-6 α hydroxyazadiradione (Nand et al, 2016).

In 2004, Siddiqui et al. isolated two additional tetracyclic triterpenoids Zafaral and Meliacinanhydride from the methanolic extract of Neem leaves.

Manikandan et al, 2012 identified Nimbolide, Nimonol, 6-deacetyl nimbinene, Nimbolicin, Azadirachtin F, Tetratriacontane, and Quercetinfollowingactivity-guided fractionation of ethanolic extract of Neem leaves.

 

 

 

 

Flowers

 

Neem flowers contains the essential oil,Nimbosterol, flavonoids Kaempferol andMelicitrin, Fatty acids Behenic acid, Archidic acid , Stearic , Palmitic, Oleic and Linoleic acid, Amino acids Glutamic acid, Tyrosine, Arginine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Histidine, Arminocaprylic acid and Isoleucine.

Two flavanones, Flowerine and Flowerone as well as two triterpenoids, O ?Methylazadironolide and Diepoxyazadirol were also isolated from Neem flowers.

 

 Bark

The stem bark of Neem contains bioactive phytochemicals such as tannins Tricyclic Diterpenoids, NB-II peptidoglycan, Gallic acid, Epigallocatehin, Gallocatehin, Catechin, Epicatechin, and Margolone.
The trunk bark of Neem contains Essential oil, Tannins, Non-Tannin, Nimbin, Nimbinin, Nimbidin, and Nimbosterol, Margosin, 6-desacetyl nimbinene,Polysaccharides,Glucose, Arabinose and Fructose, Diterpenoids Nimbinone, Nimbolicin, Margosin, Nimbidiol, Nimbione and Volatile n-hexadecanoic acid.

 

 

 

Wood

The heartwood contains calcium, potassium and iron salts as well as β- Sitosterol, 24-Methylenelophenol and Nimatone.

Neem wood contains Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin, Wood oil β-Sitosterol, Cycloeucalenol and 24- Methylenecyceloartenol.

 

 

Roots

 

 

 Gum

Neem (Azadirachta indica) exudes gum which belongs to the family of galactan gums.Neem gum contains L-Arabinose, L-Fructose, D-Galactose and D-Glucoronic acid; free sugars Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Rhamnose  and Xylose;Amino acids Alanine, Aminobutyric acid, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Glycine, Norvaline, Proline, and Organic acids Citric acid, Malonic acid , Succinic acid and Fumaric acid. Neem gum has unusual structural features in that it contains appreciable amount of D-glucosamine and proteins unlike other plant gums. There is presence of at least two protein-rich components and two polysaccharide components in Neem gum.

 

 

Fruits

 

 

Seed

Seed is very important both because of its high lipid content as well as the occurrence of a large number of bitter principles/phytochemicalsAzadirachtin, Azadiradione, Fraxinellone, Nimbin, Salannin, Salannol, Vepinin, Vilasinins, etc. in considerable quantities. Neem kernel lipids are normal glycerides and containFatty acids Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Linoleic acid and Arachidonic acid.

 

Neem Phytochemicals, Nature of Extracts and References

 

A comprehensive review of phytochemicals profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica( Sumaira Saleem, Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari, 2018)

 

Molecular structure of common Neem Phytochemicals

 

Traditional Panacea with Modern Molecular basis

(Subash Chandra Gupta, Sahdeo Prasad, Amit K. Tyagi, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Bharat B. Aggarwal)

 

 

 

Neem Phytochemicals and their activities

Phytochemicals	Activities
6-O-Acetyl-Nimbandiol	Anti-feedant
Azadirachtin	Anti-feedant, Anti-trypanosomic, Insecticide, Insectifuge, Nematistat
Azadiradione	Anti-feedant
Azadirone	Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial, Anti-obesity, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor, Fungicide, Gastric stimulant, Hypoglycemic, Hypotensive, Hypothermic, Immuno-stimulant, Molluscicide, Mutagenic, Nematicide, Progesterogenic, Sedative, Serotoninergic, Thyrotropic
Behenic-Acid	Cosmetic
Beta-Sitosterol	Androgenic, Anti-adenomic, Anticancer (Cervix), Anti-edemic, Anti-feedant, Anti-gonadotrophic-, Ant-ihyperlipoproteinaemic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-mutagenic, Anti-ophidic, Antioxidant, Anti-prostatitis, Antitumor (Cervix), Artemicide, Candidicide, Estrogenic, Hepatoprotective, Spermicide
Calcium	Anti-PMS, Anti-allergic, Anti-anxiety, Anti-atherosclerotic, Antidepressant, Antidote (Aluminium), Antihypertensive, Anti-insomnia, Calcium-Channel-Blocker, Hypotensive
Fibre	Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker, Antihypertensive, Anti-obesity, Antitumor, Hypotensive, Laxative
Gedunin	Cytotoxic, Anticancer
Hyperoside	Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Anti-aging, Anti-elastase, Anti-hepatotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-ischemic, Antioxidant, Anti-wrinkle, Capillarigenic, Cyclooxygenase-Activator, Hepatoprotective, Hypotensive, Tissue-Thromboplastin-Inhibitor, cAMP-Inhibitor
Isonimbinolide	Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-obesity, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor, Fungicide, Gastro-stimulant, Hypoglycemic, Hypotensive, Hypothermic, Immunostimulant, Molluscicide, Mutagenic, Nematicide, Progesterogenic, Sedative, Serotoninergic, Thyrotropic
Kaempferol	11B-HSD-Inhibitor, 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Anti-allergic, Anti-gingivitic, Antihistaminic, Anti-implantation, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-lymphocytic, Anti-mutagenic, Antioxidant, Anti-periodontic, Antiseptic, Anti-staphylococcal, Antitumor, Apoptotic, Choleretic, Copper-Chelator, Cytotoxic, Diaphoretic, Estrogenic, Hepatoprotective, Hypotensive, ICAM-1-Inhibitor, Iodothyronine-Deiodinase-Inhibitor, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, MAO-Inhibitor, Mutagenic, NO-Inhibitor, Protisticide, Teratologic, iNOS-Inhibitor
Lignoceric-Acid	Anti-hepatotoxic
Linoleic-Acid	Anti-acne, Anti-anaphylactic, Anti-arteriosclerotic, Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-prostatitis, Comedolytic, Hepatoprotective, Insectifuge, Nematicide
Magnesium	Anti-PMS, Anti-anginal, Anti-anxiety, Anti-atherosclerotic, Anticonvulsant, Antidepressant, Antihypertensive, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-insomnia, Anti-migraine, Anti-neurotic, Anti-stroke, CNS-Depressant, Hypotensive, Insulinogenic, Myorelaxant, Uterorelaxant
Meldenin	Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial, Anti-obesity, Anti-plasmodial, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor, Fungicide, Gastro-stimulant, Hypotensive, Hypothermic, Immunostimulant, Molluscicide, Mutagenic, Nematicide, Progesteronigenic, Sedative, Serotoninergic, Thyrotropic
Meliantriol	Anti-feedant, Insectifuge
Myricetin	Anti-HIV, Anti-feedant, Anti-gastric, Anti-gingivitic, Anti-gonadotrophic, Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-mutagenic, Antioxidant, Anti-periodontic, Antiseptic, Apoptotic, Candidicide, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Mutagenic, Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor
Myristic-Acid	Antioxidant, Cosmetic, Nematicide
Nimbandiol	Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial, Anti-obesity, Anti-plasmodial, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor, Fungicide, Gastro-stimulant, Hypotensive, Hypothermic, Immunostimulant, Molluscicide, Mutagenic, Nematicide, Progesteronigenic, Sedative, Serotoninergic, Thyrotropic
Nimbidin	Anti-cholinergic, Antihistaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Anti-scabies, CNS-Stimulant, Paramecicide, Protisticide
Nimbin	Anti-allergic, Antihistaminic, Spermicide
Nimbinin	Cytotoxic
Nimbolide	Cytotoxic, Anticancer, Apoptosis inducer
Nimocinol	Anti-histaminic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial, Anti-obesity, Anti-plasmodial, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor, Fungicide, Gastro-stimulant, Hypotensive, Hypothermic, Immunostimulant, Molluscicide, Mutagenic, Nematicide, Progesteronigenic, Sedative, Serotoninergic, Thyrotropic
Nonacosane	Anti-mutagenic
Oleic-Acid	Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor, Anti-inflammatory, Choleretic, Insectifuge
Palmitic-Acid	Antioxidant, Nematicide, Soap
Phosphorus	Immunostimulant
Quercetin	11B-HSD-Inhibitor, 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Anti-Crohn’s, Anti-GTF, Anti-HIV, Anti-PMS, Anti-aging, Anti-allergic, Anti-Alzheimer’s, Anti-anaphylactic, Anti-atherosclerotic, Anti-cancer (Breast), Anti-colitic, Anti-complementary, Antihistaminic, Antihypertensive, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-leishmaniasis, Anti-melanomic, Anti-mutagenic, Antioxidant, Anti-pancreatitis, Anti-peroxidant, Anti-pharyngitis, Anti-polio, Anti-proliferative, Anti-prostanoid, Anti-prostatitis, Anti-trypanosomic, Antitumor, Apoptosis, Cytotoxic, Diaphoretic, Differentiator, Estrogenic, Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor, Haemostat, Hepatoprotective, Insulinogenic, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, MAO-A-Inhibitor, Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor, NADH-Oxidase-Inhibitor, NO-Inhibitor, NO-Synthase-Inhibitor, Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor, P450-Inhibitor, PTK-Inhibitor, Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor, Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor, iNOS-Inhibitor
Quercitrin	ACE-Inhibitor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Anti-edemic, Anti-feedant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-mutagenic, Antioxidant, Anti-staphylococci, Antitumor, CNS-Depressant, Choleretic, Cyclooxygenase-Activator, Haemostat, Hepatoprotective, Hypotensive, MAO-A-Inhibitor, MAO-Inhibitor
Rutin	Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Anti-CVI, Anti-allergic, Anti-apoplectic, Anti-atherogenic, Anti-atherosclerotic, Anti-convulsant, Anti-dementia, Anti-edemic, Anti-feedant, Anti-hematuric, Anti-hemorrhoidal, Antihistaminic, Antihypertensive, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-melanomic, Anti-mutagenic, Antioxidant, Anti-peroxidant, Anti-platelet, Anti-proliferative, Anti-sunburn, Anti-trypanosomic, Antitumor, Apoptotic, Chemopreventive, Cytoprotective, Haemostat, Hepatoprotective, Hypotensive, Insecticide, Juvabional, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Myorelaxant, Oviposition-Stimulant, Protisticide, Sunscreen
Salannin	Anti-feedant, Insectifuge
Scopoletin	Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Anti-adrenergic, Anti-cholinergic, Anti-edemic, Anti-feedant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-leukotrienogenic, Anti-mutagenic, Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Antitumor, Bronchorelaxant, CNS-Depressant, CNS-Stimulant, Cholagogue, Choleretic, Cytotoxic, Hepatoprotective, Hypotensive, MAO-Inhibitor, Myorelaxant, Phytohormonal
Stearic-Acid	Cosmetic
Sugiol	Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor
Sulfur	Ant-acne, Antidandruff, Antiseptic, Keratolytic, Laxative
Tannin	Anti-helminthic, Anti-HIV, Anti-hepatotoxic, Antihypertensive, Anti-lipolytic, Anti-mutagenic, Anti-ophidic, Antioxidant, Anti-renitic, Antitumor, Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor, Hepatoprotective, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, MAO-Inhibitor, Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor

 

 

 

 

175 Activities of Neem Phytochemicals from Leaves, Bark, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds on the Body

	Activity	Neem Phytochemicals
	11b-Hsd-Inhibitor	Kaempferol, Quercetin
	5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor	Kaempferol, Quercetin
	ACE-Inhibitor	Quercitrin
	Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor	Hyperoside, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin, Sugiol
	Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor	Oleic-Acid
	Androgenic	Beta-Sitosterol
	Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker	Fiber
	Anthelminthic	Tannin
	Anti-acne	Linoleic-Acid, Sulfur
	Anti-adenomic	Beta-Sitosterol
	Anti-adrenergic	Scopoletin
	Anti-aging	Hyperoside, Quercetin
	Anti-allergic	Calcium, Kaempferol, Nimbin, Quercetin, Rutin
	Anti-Alzheimer’s	Quercetin
	Anti-anaphylactic	Linoleic-Acid, Quercetin
	Anti-anginal	Magnesium
	Anti-anxiety	Calcium, Magnesium
	Anti-apoplectic	Rutin
	Anti-arteriosclerotic	Linoleic-Acid
	Anti-atherogenic	Rutin
	Anti-atherosclerotic	Calcium, Magnesium, Quercetin, Rutin
	Anticancer	Beta-Sitosterol, Nimbolide, Quercetin
	Anticholinergic	Nimbidin, Scopoletin
	Anti-colitic	Quercetin
	Anti-complementary	Quercetin
	Anticonvulsant	Magnesium, Rutin
	Anti-Crohn's	Quercetin
	Anti-CVI	Rutin
	Anti Dandruff	Sulfur
	Anti-dementia	Rutin
	Antidepressant	Calcium, Magnesium, Quercetin
	Antidote (aluminum)	Calcium
	Antiedemic	Beta-Sitosterol, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin
	Anti-elastase	Hyperoside, Quercetin
	Antifeedant	6-O-Acetyl-Nimbandiol, Azadirachtin, Azadiradione, Beta-Sitosterol, Meliantriol, Myricetin, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Salannin, Scopoletin
	Anti-fibrosarcoma	Quercetin
	Anti-gastric	Myricetin, Quercetin
	Anti-gingivitis	Kaempferol, Myricetin
	Anti-gonadotrophic	Beta-Sitosterol, Myricetin
	Anti-hematuric	Rutin
	Anti-hemorrhoidal	Rutin
	Anti-hepatotoxic	Hyperoside, Lignoceric-Acid, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin, Tannin
	Antihistaminic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Kaempferol, Linoleic-Acid, Meldenin, Myricetin, Nimbandiol, Nimbidin, Nimbin, Nimocinol, Quercetin, Rutin
	Anti-HIV	Myricetin, Quercetin, Tannin
	Anti-hyperlipoproteinaemic	Beta-Sitosterol
	Antihypertensive	Calcium, Fiber, Magnesium, Quercetin, Rutin, Tannin
	Anti-implantation	Kaempferol
	Anti-inflammatory	Azadirone, Beta-Sitosterol, Hyperoside, Isonimbinolide, Kaempferol, Linoleic-Acid, Magnesium, Meldenin, Myricetin, Nimbandiol, Nimbidin, Nimocinol, Oleic-Acid, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin
	Anti-insomnia	Calcium, Magnesium
	Anti-ischemic	Hyperoside
	Anti-leishmania	Quercetin
	Anti-leukotrienogenic	Scopoletin
	Anti-lipolytic	Tannin
	Anti-lymphocytic	Kaempferol
	Anti-malarial	Azadirone, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Anti-melanomic	Quercetin, Rutin
	Anti-migraine	Magnesium
	Anti-mutagenic	Beta-Sitosterol, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Nonacosane, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin, Tannin
	Anti-neurotic	Magnesium
	Anti-obesity	Azadirone, Fiber, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Anti-ophidic	Beta-Sitosterol, Tannin
	Antioxidant	Beta-Sitosterol, Hyperoside, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Myristic-Acid, Palmitic-Acid, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin, Tannin
	Anti-pancreatitis	Quercetin
	Anti-periodontic	Kaempferol, Myricetin
	Anti-peristaltic	Quercetin
	Anti-peroxidant	Quercetin, Rutin
	Anti-pharyngitis	Quercetin
	Ant-plasmodial	Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Anti-platelet	Rutin
	Anti-pms	Calcium, Magnesium, Quercetin
	Anti-polio	Quercetin
	Ant-proliferative	Quercetin, Rutin
	Anti-prostanoid	Quercetin
	Anti-prostatitis	Beta-Sitosterol, Linoleic-Acid, Quercetin
	Anti-pyrrhic	Nimbidin
	Antipyretic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Anti-scabies	Nimbidin
	Antiseptic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Kaempferol, Meldenin, Myricetin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol, Scopoletin, Sulfur
	Anti-staphylococci	Kaempferol, Quercitrin
	Anti-stroke	Magnesium
	Anti-sunburn	Rutin
	Anti-thiamin	Quercetin
	Antitrypanosomal	Azadirachtin, Quercetin, Rutin
	Antitumor	Fiber, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin, Tannin
	Antitumor (cervix)	Beta-Sitosterol
	Antitumor (skin)	Quercetin
	Antiviral	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol, Hyperoside
	Anti-wrinkle	Hyperoside
	Apoptotic	Kaempferol, Myricetin, Quercetin, Rutin
	Artemicide	Beta-Sitosterol
	ATPase-Inhibitor	Quercetin
	Bacteriostat	Quercetin
	Broncho Relaxant	Scopoletin
	Calcium-Channel-Blocker	Calcium
	Calmodulin-Antagonist	Quercetin
	c-AMP-Inhibitor	Hyperoside
	Candidicide	Beta-Sitosterol, Myricetin, Quercetin
	Chemopreventive	Nimbolide, Rutin
	Cholagogue	Scopoletin
	Choleretic	Kaempferol, Oleic-Acid, Quercitrin, Scopoletin
	CNS-Depressant	Magnesium, Quercitrin, Scopoletin
	CNS-Stimulant	Nimbidin, Scopoletin
	Comedolytic	Linoleic-Acid
	Copper-Chelator	Kaempferol, Quercetin
	Cosmetic	Behenic-Acid, Myristic-Acid, Stearic-Acid
	Cyclooxygenase-Activator	Hyperoside, Quercitrin
	Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Cytoprotective	Rutin
	Cytotoxic	Gedunin, Kaempferol, Nimbinin, Nimbolide, Quercetin, Scopoletin
	Diaphoretic	Kaempferol, Quercetin
	Differentiator	Quercetin
	Estrogenic	Beta-Sitosterol, Kaempferol, Quercetin
	Fungicide	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Gastro-stimulant	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor	Quercetin, Tannin
	Hemostat	Quercetin, Quercitrin, Rutin
	Hepatoprotective	Beta-Sitosterol, Hyperoside, Kaempferol, Linoleic-Acid, Quercetin, Rutin, Scopoletin, Tannin
	Hepato-tonic	Quercitrin
	Hypoglycemic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide
	Hypotensive	Azadirone, Calcium, Fiber, Hyperoside, Isonimbinolide, Kaempferol, Magnesium, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol, Quercitrin, Rutin, Scopoletin
	Hypothermic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	ICAM-1-Inhibitor	Kaempferol
	Immunostimulant	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol, Phosphorus
	iNOS-Inhibitor	Kaempferol, Quercetin
	Insecticide	Azadirachtin, Rutin
	Insectifuge	Azadirachtin, Linoleic-Acid, Meliantriol, Oleic-Acid, Salannin
	Insectophile	Quercitrin, Rutin
	Insulinogenic	Magnesium, Quercetin
	Iodothyronine-Deiodinase-Inhibitor	Kaempferol
	Juvabional	Quercetin, Rutin
	Keratolytic	Sulfur
	Laxative	Fiber, Sulfur
	Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor	Kaempferol, Myricetin, Quercetin, Rutin, Tannin
	MAO-A-Inhibitor	Quercetin, Quercitrin
	MAO-Inhibitor	Kaempferol, Quercitrin, Scopoletin, Tannin
	Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor	Quercetin
	Molluscicide	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Mutagenic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Kaempferol, Meldenin, Myricetin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol, Quercetin, Rutin
	Myorelaxant	Magnesium, Rutin, Scopoletin
	NADH-Oxidase-Inhibitor	Quercetin
	Nematicide	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Linoleic-Acid, Meldenin, Myristic-Acid, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol, Palmitic-Acid
	Nematistat	Azadirachtin
	NO-Inhibitor	Kaempferol, Quercetin
	NO-Synthase-Inhibitor	Quercetin
	Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor	Quercetin, Tannin
	Oviposition-Stimulant	Rutin
	P450-Inhibitor	Quercetin
	Paramecicide	Nimbidin
	Phytohormonal	Scopoletin
	Progesterogenic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor	Quercetin
	Protisticide	Kaempferol, Nimbidin, Rutin
	PTK-Inhibitor	Quercetin
	Sedative	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Serotoninergic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Soap	Palmitic-Acid
	Spermicide	Beta-Sitosterol, Nimbin
	Sunscreen	Rutin
	Teratologic	Kaempferol, Quercetin
	Thyrotropic	Azadirone, Isonimbinolide, Meldenin, Nimbandiol, Nimocinol
	Tissue-Thromboplastin-Inhibitor	Hyperoside
Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor		Myricetin, Quercetin
Uterorelaxant		Magnesium

 

 Molecular structure of common Neem Phytochemicals and their activities

A comprehensive review of phytochemicals profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica - Sumaira Saleem, Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari

 

 

Common Molecular Targets of Neem & its Phytochemicals

Traditional Panacea with Modern Molecular basis

(Subash Chandra Gupta, Sahdeo Prasad, Amit K. Tyagi, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Bharat B. Aggarwal)

 

 

 

References

References

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Sumaira Saleem, Gulzar Muhammad and Muhammad Ajaz Hussain; A     comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, bioactives for  pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica; Phytotherapy Research, 2018; Volume 32, Issue 7

 

      Dr Nirrmala Kotharii

       Director & General Secretary

      World Neem Organisation

Managing DirectorNeem Wave Exhibitions LLP